Ritual and Performance (Unit Fifteen)

Ritual and Performance (Unit Fifteen)
  

Chinese New Year - Fire Dragon Dance

  

Ritual consists of ceremonial actions that are given importance or meaning through formality, symbolism, and performativity. Rituals are often spiritual or sacred in nature, but can also be political, social, or even athletic.
  
Ritual performance dates back to the earliest days of human evolution and helped in the creation of culture and of human social bonding.
  
Rituals are both traditional and formal in that they often use a restricted code.

As theorized by linguist Basil Bernstein, this is a form of communication that is available to those who are members of a social in-group, such as that used in certain religious rituals, cocktail party etiquette, and story-telling traditions.

Elaborated code is used in larger groups with open membership and less shared knowledge or cultural tradiitons, such as students and teacher in a college course.
  
Elaborated and Restricted Codes
  
Rituals make use of choreography and rules, by using sequences of action that are familiar to both the performers and audience, even if it involves some aspects of improvisation.
  

The Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter - Latin Mass
  
Symbols are an important aspect of ritual performance, and serve to provide meaning or context to the actions. They include religious symbols, such as the host, and chalice of wine, sacramental objects which represent the body and blood of Christ in the Catholic Mass, and political symbols, such as the flag, which represents freedom and national tradition, and is handled with reverence at ceremonies.
  
TYPES of RITUALS

• Rites of Passage - Rituals that mark changes of social or life status.
• Festivals - Communal cultural rituals connected to the calendar cycles.
• Spiritual - Rituals that involve sacrifice, offering, or devotion to a deity or sacred belief.
• Political - Symbolic actions that serve to enact and reinforce political power.

  Rites of Passage
  
Rituals that mark rites of passage include birth, adulthood, marriage, death, and other changes of social status. Cultural anthropologist Victor Turner elaborated on ethnographer Arnold Van Gennep's three phases in rites of passage: separation, transition, and re-incorporation.
  

  Studies on Victor Turner and Rites of Passage
  
Ritual, Performance, and Rites of Passage
  
Amy Secada is a contemporary dance artist in the Kinetic Junglist Movement, who explores ritual and rites of passage through her performances. As her website says, she "combines her skills as a dancer, songwriter, couture costume designer, vocalist, and choreographer to produce breathtaking audiovisual works and live performances."
  

Amy Secada - Birth of Cicada
  
Coming of Age Traditions from Around the World
  
Festivals
  
Festival based rituals are generally connected to specific dates or times within the solar or lunar calendar cycles, and are often communal in their celebrations.
  

Fire Dragon Dance - Hong Kong
    
The Chinese New Year (known as Tết in Vietnam) celebrated on the lunar calendar, include festivities such as the Fire Dragon Dance, in which performers collaborate to make an enormous dragon made of sticks of incense come to life and dance to drum beats. The dragon represents good luck and auspicious qualities such as power, wisdom, and authority.
  

Mardi Gras preparations - New Orleans (1878)
  
New Orleans has become associated with Mardi Gras, a festive pageant of costumes and parades occurring on the city streets in the days just before Ash Wednesday, or the beginning of Lent in Catholic practice.
  

Mardi Gras Costumes - Captain (Krewe of Proteus) c. 1980 (left)
and Queen (Zulu Social Club) 1993 (right)
     
"While masquerade balls have been popular in New Orleans since at least the end of the 18th century, full-fledged parades evolved later. The first parades consisted of nothing more than impromptu processions formed by maskers already out on the streets. New Orleans' parade tradition began in earnest in the late 1830s, when groups of young Creole men organized informal processions." - The Presbytère Museum, New Orleans
  

Mardi Gras Indians - African-American performers, New Orleans
    
Spiritual
  
Rituals of worship involve some combination of sacrifice, offering, or devotion to a deity or sacred belief. They vary greatly according to culture and time period.
  

Puja Offering to Lord Hanuman
  
Hindu worship, or puja, consists of the making of offerings and devotion to a deity. It may be offered by an individual, or led by a Brahman, or member of the priestly caste.
  
Puja can encompass a wide range of activities, including darshan, or meditation in the presence of a deity, offerings of incense and food, and bhakti, active praise and worship, which may include mantra, or the chanting of sacred phrases.
  

Calcutta Art Studio - Bhakti, or devotional Kirtan
performed by Chaitanya and Nityananda
  
Kirtan is the call-and-response form of chanting in Hindu worship, and makes use of such traditional instruments as the harmonium, tablas, and hand cymbals.
  

  Krishna Das - Radhe Govinda
  
Political
  
Ceremonies that have a political purpose use dramaturgy to enact and reinforce political power by honoring political actors, such as presidents or kings, and symbols of national power, such as the flag or historical events. These symbols are also used by artists for their performative qualities.
  

Bruce Springsteen - Born in the USA photo shoot
  
Ritual, Politics, and Power (review) - David Kertzer
  
The Pledge of Allegiance, written in 1892 by Francis Bellamy, a Baptist minister, and revised many times over the last 125 years, is an example of political ritual. It has an interesting history that reflects the political beliefs in various eras.
  
The Strange History Behind the Pledge of Allegiance
  
The funeral of President John F. Kennedy in 1963 made use of rituals such as the 21-gun salute and Taps played on the bugle, to symbolize and direct the nation's mourning.
  
Bruce Springsteen's Born in the USA is a complex song and performance that serves as both an anti-war anthem and praise to the working class values that built the country. It makes use of political imagery such as the flag, soldiers, and cemetery tombstones.
  


 Bruce Springsteen - Born in the USA

Fashion and Society (Unit Fourteen)

Fashion and Society (Unit Fourteen)
  

Prince - Purple Rain (1984)
  

Fashion is the style or practice of designing and wearing clothing, costuming, makeup, accessories and all forms of body adornment. It is an aspect of society, which is the collective grouping of people according to features such as similar geography, politics, and shared cultural attributes. Fashion varies throughout time and culture, and functions through performance to show how society presents itself visually.
  

Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun - Marie Antoinette (1783)
  
WESTERN FASHION
  
Fashion styles relate to climate, societal standards, availability of materials, and tradition. Modern western fashion traces back to late 18th century France, and Rose Bertin, the clothing designer for French Queen Marie Antoinette.
  
The modern fashion industry is divided into two main types of clothing design: haute couture and prêt-à-porter.
  

Carl Van Vechten - Haute Couture (1947)
  
Developments in the 19th century led to haute couture, French for "high sewing" or "high fashion", which refers to unique handmade items of a high status that are designed for specific clients according to their body measurements and stance. It is sometimes referred to as bespoke, which means custom tailored clothing.
  

Prêt-à-Porter Clothing - Ready to Wear 
  
This contrasts with prêt-à-porter, which means "ready to wear", and stands for clothing that is mass produced or factory made, and is finished to standard sizes that are sold in mass.
  
Fashion trends come and go, accelerated by the commodification of western capitalism. Thus, we can often identify the time period of an image based on the fashion style displayed. Traditional western fashion reinforced gender roles through pants for men and skirts for women, but that has loosened beginning in the 1960s with the expansion of women's rights and feminism.
  

Unisex Fashion - Sonny and Cher (1960s)
  
Unisex is a fashion style that developed in the 1960s, which emphasized androgynous or asexual styles that could be worn equally by men or women in garments such as stretch jerseys and leggings. It is associated with mass marketing and conceptual clothing.
  

Star Trek - Television Series (1966-69)
  

The original Star Trek television series, aired in the late 1960s, was influenced by the short-lived unisex trend in fashion design, as evidenced by the form fitting costumes, similar for both male and female characters. By the 1970s, the trend had morphed into his and hers clothing.
  
In the 1970s and 80s, artists such as Prince (1958-2016) (see image above), further blurred the gender distinctions in clothing styles by cultivating an androgynous image that combined both masculine and feminine fashion into the same image.
  

100 Years of Men's Fashion
  
Here are a couple of fun videos that explore the changing fashion styles in the United States over the last 100 years. They don't really account for regional, ethnic, or class variations, but give a good look at how cultural styles have evolved.
  
  
100 Years of Women's Fashion

• What does your own sense of fashion say about your cultural values and identity?

WORLD FASHION
  
INDIA and SOUTH ASIA
    

Sari - Watercolor Illustration showing Regional Variations
  
Traditional clothing in India and South Asia is based in loose fitting colorfully patterned wrapped fabric and accessories.
  

Choli - Photo of Mid-riff baring blouse (1872)

    

• Sari - a colorful wrap of unstitched cloth worn over light undergarments, for women.
• Choli - a mid-riff baring blouse, often worn beneath the sari.
• Dhoti - a strip of white cloth that is wrapped around the mid-section of men.
• Sarong or Lungi - a loose sheet worn skirt-like or stitched into loose fitting pants for men.

Dhoti (left) - Relief Sculpture from Uttar Pradesh (1st century CE)
Sarong (right) - Indonesian Island of Java

  

MIDDLE EAST
  
Traditional fashion in the Middle East includes the use of loose fitting layered wraps, influenced by cultural and religious beliefs with regards to the public presentation of women.
  

Burqua - covers entire body
(Niqab - portion of outfit covering face)

The burqua covers the entire body. It is sometimes seen as controversial in Western society because of a perceived association with Islamic conservatism. The niqab, or face veil of the outfit, is worn either open at the eyes or screened.

• Burqua - outer garment worn by devout Muslim women which covers them from head to toe, literally means "curtain" or "veil". Niqab is the related face covering of a burqua.
• Hijab - head wrap or scarf that covers the head and chest, worn by Muslim women when in the presence of non-related men.

Hijab - Variations of from modern to traditional

ASIA
  
Clothing in Asia is adapted to the climate and traditions, and emphasizes materials such as silk or cotton in both functional and aesthetic combinations.
  

áo dài - Vietnamese fashion show in Huế, Vietnam
  
In Vietnam, for example, the áo dài is a traditional outfit for women that can be worn in everyday or special occasions. The conical hat worn for protection from the sun has a variety of names, depending on the country and language, but in Vietnam is known as the nón lá, or leaf hat.
  

Nón Lá - Vietnamese name for Asian Conical Hat

• áo dài - Vietnamese close fitting tunic worn over loose pants and made of silk.
• Nón Lá - Vietnamese name for conical hat made from bamboo.
• Kasaya - the robe wrap worn by Buddhist monks and nuns, either brown or saffron orange in color.

Kasaya - robes worn by male Buddhist monks and female nuns
  

Africa

  

African clothing varies from region to region, but a common thread is the use of colorful patterns in fabrics spun from both raffia, or palm fiber, and cotton. An example of this would be kente, the traditional textile design from the West African Asante peoples living in Ghana.

Kente Cloth - National Museum of African Art
Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC

These designs are made on hand looms that generate complex geometric patterns of line, shape, and color.


Kente Cloth Designs from Ghana
  
NATIVE AMERICAN
  
Traditional clothing varied greatly among the hundreds of tribes of indigenous peoples of the Americas. Some consistent aspects included breechcloth, buckskin leggings, and a variety of headdress and body adornments worn by men.
  

George Catlin - Choctaw and Lakota Ball Players (c. 1830s)
  
The massive feather war bonnets popularized in Hollywood film were only worn by a few Plains tribes, and used only for ceremonial occasions. More common was the roach headdress, made from animal hair or porcupine quills. The term roach is also applied to the traditional Mohawk hair style.
  

Charles Bird King - Sharitahrish, Pawnee Chief (1822)
(wearing roach headdress)

•   Breechcloth - animal fur or fabric cloth worn over the midsection.
• Leggings - buckskin pant legs, often with beadwork, quills, or fringe used to wick moisture away.
• Headdress - A variety of feather, porcupine quill, or other adornments worn on the head, for ceremonial or role signification.

 Contemporary Native Fashion by Apsáalooke native Bethany Yellowtail
   

FASHION and CLASS

  

Fashion is used as a visual reference point with regards to class and professional status in society. As we mentioned in the previous section on role theory, one's appearance, in terms of clothing and costume, communicates information in relation to identity.

  

Lewis Hine - Image of Professional Class

  

Lewis Hine (1874-1940), was an American photographer and sociology instructor who used his training to document working conditions across the country in the early 20th century. This led to the exposing of conditions of child labor and reform of laws regarding children in the workplace.

  

Lewis Hine - Image of Working Class

  

His photographs show the working conditions and distinctions between the professional and working classes in the United States. Contemporary trends such as metrosexual or the more recent lumbersexual styles bring a new level of self-awareness to issues of class and gender, such as model Ricki Hall, whose fashion sense embodies the presentation of hyper-aware working class masculinity.
  

Model Ricki Hall

  

CONCLUSION

  
Fashion and human clothing is a basic and pervasive aspect of human culture across time. Fashion styles are influenced by environment, politics, religion, and tradition, and tell us much about the values, of what is most important in terms of the human body and its presentation, of particular cultures.

• A question to consider: what are some ways that fashion is performed, both in society and in the arts?

Image and Self (Unit Thirteen)

Image and Self (Unit Thirteen)
  

Frida Kahlo - The Two Fridas (1939)

Throughout history, artists have created images to reflect themselves and society. By the creation of self-portraits, portraiture and scenes of society, abstraction, the surreal, and most recently the rise of the selfie, the creation of images that represent the self is ubiquitous in all eras.
  
In this unit, we will consider images of the self created through a variety of media and time periods, including:

• Painting (Baroque, Modern Abstraction, Surrealism)
• Drawing (Photo-Realism)
• Printmaking (Japanese Woodblocks, American Screenprints)
• Photography (Identity / Feminism)

PAINTING
  
Painting has a long history of image making in the fine arts. We are going to focus on a few artists, looking at their styles and what their forms of representation speak about self-image.
  
Baroque - At the beginning of the 17th century, artists in Italy and Northern Europe straddled a world in which church influence and a rising merchant class vied for power. Coming just after the Renaissance, these artists had an independent point of view, while still working for their patrons.
  

Caravaggio - Young Sick Bacchus (1593)
  
Michelangelo Merisi de Caravaggio, otherwise known as Caravaggio (1571-1610), was an Italian artist whose short life was filled with both promise and danger. He painted directly from life, and is known for making use of recognizable everyday people, some of low repute in his religious paintings of Christ, the Virgin, and saints, thus mixing the sacred, or high art and spirituality, and profane, common or everyday life.
     

Caravaggio - David With the Head of Goliath (1609-10)
  
The first painting above is a self-portrait, made when the artist was a teenager and apprentice. He is thought to have been recovering from an illness or poor health when the picture was painted. The second painting is near the end of his life, when he was on the run from the Knights of Malta, who were pursuing him over grievances. It is conjectured that he painted his own face onto the head of Goliath in this picture.
    

Caravaggio - BBC Documentary
  
The dramatic contrast in Caravaggio's work mimicked that of his own personal life. "Caravaggio's innovative approach to painting had earned him an impressive reputation... at the same time, he was involved in numerous brawls." ("Gateways to Art" p. 485)

•     What can we learn by studying the paintings of Caravaggio about how the artist related to himself and society?

Modern Abstraction - Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), born in Spain, was one of the monumental artists of the modern era, spending most of his life working in France. 
  

Pablo Picasso - Self-Portrait (1906)
  
He was an early promoter of abstraction, in which images from real life are distorted or changed in some way, and co-founded Cubism, an early 20th century technique that broke the picture plane up into multiple points of view.
  
Picasso made self-portraits throughout his career, that tell us not only about his self-image, but also give insight into his stylistic changes and innovations over time.
  

Pablo Picasso - Self-Portrait (1972)

• What do the self-portraits of Pablo Picasso tell us about his evolving sense of style and view of himself throughout his life?

Surrealism - Frida Kahlo (1907-54), was an influential Mexican artist whose work encompassed aspects of folk or naïve (untrained) art, and is associated with the international style of Surrealism, which explored the use of dream imagery and the unconscious.
  

Frida Kahlo - The Wounded Deer (1946)
  
Frida was married to the Mexican muralist Diego Rivera, and both were known as revolutionaries in their home country.

Frida Kahlo - Frida and Diego (1931)
  
As a teenager, she suffered a harrowing streetcar accident that left her in pain for the rest of her life, and she used that trauma as a subject in many of her self-portraits.
  
  
Frida Kahlo - Film Footage from Her Life

• What can we say by looking at these images and documentary footage about how Frida Kahlo represented herself in terms of her health and relationships?

DRAWING
  

Chuck Close - Big Self-Portrait (1967-68)
  
Photorealism - A style that emerged in the late 1960s, when artists began to make hyper-realistic work based not in real life, but on images of real life. Chuck Close  (b. 1940) is perhaps the most-well known artist of this group. Over the course of many years, he has made monumental portraits of himself and his friends. These artworks raise questions about the nature of representation and the self, appearing realistic from a distance, but dissolving into abstract marks on closer inspection.

Chuck Close Interview on CBS

Vincent Valdez (b. 1977) is a San Antonio artist who focuses on creating drawings of Latino life and culture in the southwest United States. His images of boxers, soldiers, protestors and riot police, and lynched figures are both shocking and beautiful in their social/political content.
  

Vincent Valdez - America's Finest 5 (2011)

• What do the drawings of Chuck Close and Vincent Valdez tell us about self-image and identity on a personal and collective level?

PRINTMAKING
  

Kitagara Utamaro - The Courtesan Ichikawa (1796-99)
  
Japanese Woodblock Prints: Kitagara Utamaro (1753-1806) was a Japanese artist associated with themes of a genre known as Ukiyo-e, which means "pictures of the floating world", the pleasure lifestyles of social life: kabuki theatre, geisha courtesans, etc. He created delicate prints from multi-color woodblock plates of a stylized and delicate nature.
  

Shepard Fairey - Revolution Girl, 2006
  
American Screenprinter: Shepard Fairey (b. 1970) is an American street artist who rose to fame with his graphic inspired stickers and posters known as "Obey Giant". His (sometimes legal) street work is based on an early 20th century Russian style known as agitprop, graphic artworks with an explicitly political message. Posters and stickers by Shepard Fairey are commonly seen across the country in major cities and he has also gained recognition in museums and as the designer of the Obama campaign "Hope" poster. Fairey's work deals with the idea of propaganda and promotion of an image through branding.
  


Shepard Fairey - Printmaking Process

• What are some similarities and differences in the printmaking of Kitagara Utamaro and Shepard Fairey? How do they approach their subject matter? Are they intimate and personal with regard to their subjects, or do they view them more as images or icons?

PHOTOGRAPHY
  
Identity - Carrie Mae Weems (b. 1953) is a contemporary photographer whose work makes use of conceptual strategies of appropriation, the re-contextualization of existing images, in order to critique the ways in which African-Americans, and in particular women of color, have been represented in American history.
  

Carrie Mae Weems - From Here I Saw What Happened and I Cried series (1995)
  
As she says, "I use my own constructed image as a vehicle for questioning ideas about the role of tradition, the nature of family, monogamy, polygamy, relationships between men and women, between women and their children, and between women and other women—underscoring the critical problems and the possible resolves."
  

Carrie Mae Weems - The Kitchen Table series (1990)
  
Some of her series of work use historical appropriated imagery with overlaid critical text, and others use a documentary approach, set within her own domestic environment.
  
Feminism - Contemporary photographer Cindy Sherman addresses feminist analysis in her self-portraits. "Sherman has explained that the images are not about her, but are about the representations of the women being shown, and the ways that each viewer interprets them." (p. 571)
  

Cindy Sherman - Untitled Film Still #35 (1979)
  
Her portrayals range from confident to submissive, from menacing to unflattering. Thus, the images are meant to be viewed critically, as much about how we look at images of women as they are about any true characters. As such, she has expanded the notion of how women are portrayed, and how they portray themselves, in art.


Performing Beauty: Historical Portraits of Cindy Sherman

• What are some interesting similarities and differences in the ways in which Carrie Mae Weems and Cindy Sherman approach the genre of portraiture. Do these approaches say anything about how they view or explore identity and self-portraiture?

CONCLUSION
  
The self has been explored through image making since the beginning of art. Over the centuries, the methods used to create images of the self have evolved, both in terms of techniques used, and as important, in the differing ways in which we look at and understand ourselves.

Moving Image (Unit Twelve)

Moving Image (Unit Twelve)

In this unit we will look at the unique aspects of performance as they relate to the moving image. We may take this medium for granted, but it is a very new art form, based in modern techology and having been in existence for about 125 years now.
  
The moving image has migrated through various technologies during that time, including:

• Motion Pictures - Live action filmed by camera with frames projected in sequence.  
• Animation - Hand-drawn or computer rendered moving images made by artists in the studio.
• Television / Video / Internet - Electronic and subsequent digital technologies for broadcast of the moving image.

SILENT ERA
  
The technology of motion pictures emerged in the late nineteenth century, out of a series of experiments in sequential photography and handmade animation devices. Thomas Edison is credited with inventing the first successful motion picture process in 1891, the Kinetoscope, which was then improved on by the Lumière Brothers of France, and the development of the Cinématographe device in 1894.
  

Thomas Edison - Kinetoscope (film) and Kinetophone (sound) (1912-13)
  
Early films were short snippets of activity, gradually developing into full (though still short in length) narrative sequences by the beginning of the 20th century. Film and sound recording technology were not yet synchronized, so these films were made without sound, and with live musical accompaniment played along with them.
  

Vaudeville Poster (1894)
  
This era, of silent film, features actors and situations coming out of the stage tradition of vaudeville, or live stage shows of the day, which featured variety acts that often reinforced ethnic stereotypes.
  

Charlie Chaplin
  
Thus, early silent film actors employed a physical presence and gesture in their acting, that hearkens to this tradition of live vaudeville, and compensates for the lack of sound. Features of silent film include intertitles (graphic elements with text and dialogue), and theatrical gesture and expression (as though playing to a stage audience).
  
  
Charlie Chaplin - The Tramp
  
Actress Marion Davies and actors Charlie Chaplin, and Buster Keaton, one of the most influential physical comedians of all time, typified the physicality and comedy that entertained audiences in the early days of film.
  
The Artists - David Denby / The New Yorker
  
ACTING TECHNIQUES
  
There are three main techniques in film acting: repertory, method, and improvisation. Repertory acting is based in classically trained theatrical techniques, method acting is employed by actors who live the part of the character in order to express the full range of emotions, and improvisation, in which the acting is spontaneous, unrehearsed and naturalistic.
  
The Schools of Film Acting - Mark Winokur and Bruce Holsinger
  

Daniel Day-Lewis - Range of Roles in Repertory Acting
  
Repertory actors are trained in the techniques of classical theatre. They specialize in the technical aspects of acting, portraying their characters from the outside in, from costumes, to accents, facial expressions, and makeup, and can portray a wide range of differing roles.
  

Repertory: Daniel Day Lewis - Gangs of New York (2002)
  
Lee Strasberg developed "method" acting based on the teachings of Constantin Stanislavski and the Moscow Art Theatre. Method actors immerse themselves fully in the character, exploring the interior psychological aspects of the role and literally "becoming" that character while filming.
  

Method: Robert De Niro - Taxi Driver (1976)
  
Robert De Niro is known for his method approach to roles, such as the movie Taxi Driver (1976), where he drove 12 hour taxi shifts to prepare for the role of Travis Bickle, and Raging Bull (1980), in which he trained as a professional level boxer.
  

  Method: Robert De Niro - Raging Bull (1980)
(contains some language and violence)
  
What it Means to be "Method" - Jason Guerrasio
  

Improvisation: Dustin Hoffman - Midnight Cowboy (1969) 
  
With improvisation, the actors create dialogue and respond to the action of the scene impromptu, without a script, or by adding improvised material to an existing script. One of the most famous improvised scenes in film is that of Dustin Hoffman in "Midnight Cowboy" (1969), when a taxicab unexpectedly appears in his path.
    
Improvisation in Film
(contains some language, sexual content, and violence)
  
ANIMATION

"Animation creates the illusion of movement in films by taking a still image of an object or drawing, changing it slightly for each new frame, and then projecting all the images in sequence." (Gateways to Art - p. 232)
  
Early Animations (19th century)
     
The history of animation features a range of memorable characters. A main difference in animation is that the performances are created in the studio by artists, rather than by live action.
   

Cel Animation: Matt Groening - Homer Simpson
  
Up to the 1990s, cel animation was a process that involved hand-painting individual transparent frames, numbering in the thousands, for each story. More recently this has been replaced with a less laborious digital process.
  
Homer Simpson, from the long-running television program The Simpsons, is one of the most well known animation characters of all time. Designed and created by Matt Groening and voiced by Dan Castellaneta, his bumbling everyman character plays on a tradition of portraying working class characters in charming, but hapless roles.
  

Stop Action Animation:
Tim Burton - The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)
  
"In stop action animation, the figures are photographed in a pose, moved very slightly, and then photographed again." (Gateways to Art - p. 232) This labor intensive style of filmmaking dates back a full century now. Filmmaker Tim Burton makes extensive use of this technique in his films, as represented by The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993).
  

  Tim Burton - The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)
  
The newest animation technique is that of computer-generated imagery (CGI), in which the character is rendered by computer and often animated through the motion capture of a live actor.
  

Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI):
Gollum - Lord of the Rings (2002)
with CGI actor Andy Serkis
  
TELEVISION / VIDEO / INTERNET
  
Television technology developed over the first half of the 20th century, and became a common feature in American homes by the 1950s. Early productions were created live on stage sets, much like a theater production, and sometimes before live audiences.
   

Ernie Kovacs
  
Ernie Kovacs was a television pioneer in the 1950s, producing a variety show that satirized the medium and its tropes with critical yet tongue in cheek commentary, such as the western.

Max Headroom
  
Max Headroom was a character introduced in 1984, and touted as "the world's first computer generated tv host", although he and his sets were created using analogue technologies. The producers incorporated what would come to be known as the glitch aesthetic (the intentional use of technological errors) into the clips, with random pitch changes and stuttering motion.
  
The video blog, or vlog, emerged over the last decade as the internet and webcams began to proliferate. First person, confessional, and mixing private space with public, the medium is immensely popular.
  

Cinéma Vérité - The Blair Witch Project (1999)
  
The form can be traced back at least to the faux documentary The Blair Witch Project (1999), in which a fictional horror story is presented in documentary format. This technique, known as cinéma vérité, utilizes natural lighting and a hand held camera, in order to enhance the sense of realism.
  

  Hennessey Youngman (explicit language)

Hennessey Youngman is a persona created by Jayson Musson, an artist who combines art history with a street-wise approach. He effectively parodies the vlog phenomenon with his ironic commentaries on art and culture.
  
CONCLUSION
  
The moving image is a technology based medium that emerged at the end of the 19th century, beginning with motion pictures, then into electronic and digital forms of broadcast, such as television, video, and the internet.
  
Moving image performance began as an outgrowth of stage performance, before developing its own strategies based on the new genres as they developed.